Auditing Networthy Assurance Acknowledgement

Question: Portray about the Auditing for Networthy Assurance Acknowledgment. Answer: Presentation Evaluating and Assurance Services expect critical part in affirmation of the inborn business risk inside the affiliation. Evaluating and Assurance Services help the business relationship with knowing their needs keeping record of their business trade and moreover presenting information from record of the money related events, which occurred during the time inside the affiliation (Anderson, 2006). The grasped report is about the looking at report of a champion among the best Australian association, One Tel, which is gave route inside the six years of its activity inside the field of media transmission. Here the about the components, which expect basic part in reviewing the inborn risks are analyzed. Principle body Conversation on factors adding to expanded natural hazard appraisal There are various components that have basic promise to the extended peril assessment at the monetary report level. A segment of the basic factors are lacking structure of the business affiliation, nonattendance of master ethics and furthermore deficiencies in the corporate organization system of the affiliation. The top level organization of the association close by the key cash personals was contaminated (Aven, 2010). The inspectors of One. Tel BDO and Ernst Young both were insufficient with respect to trustworthiness and uneven to the organization and the key budgetary master of the association. It tends not out of the ordinary that in the midst of the essential business peril evaluation the components like wrong structure of the business, lacking of business morals and deficiency in the corporate administration may be perceived as all these are the principal reason of the breakdown of One. Tell and explanation behind the liquidation of the association (Ruhnke and Schmidt, 2014). ID of perceived variables during key business chance appraisal According to the cash related clarification of the association, it tends to be seen that in a conclusive asset report decree of the association that the danger of the association is dependably growing in the income explanation (Shapiro, 2006). It is watched that the working cost of the association is substantially more conspicuous than the working advantages conversely with the receipts from the customers the portion to the providers and delegates is significantly more critical and explanation behind the hardship in the working of the business to the association (Centner, 2014). An association and the organization staffs of that particular association must have the equivalent focuses for the destiny of the association. In any case, it can't be found in all cases, it is much of the time watched that the purposes of the owners and organization staffs of an association is differentiate from the objectives of the investors of the association and in these cases the issues develops. This p articular situation is suggested Principle Agent Problem (Damodaran, 2008). The association One. Tel face similar kinds of issue and it is the essential driver of the breakdown of the association. Conversation on innate hazard factors and their job in expanded intrinsic hazard evaluation The horrendous corporate administration of the One Tell Company distinguished as the key explanation of the liquidation of the association. The helpless organization structure of the association is in like manner one of the basic reasons of its liquidation. It is watched that in 1998, the main body of the Company was made out of only four people (Heinrichs, 2012). Who were non official head of the association. Among the four boss, three of them were at risk to the reliably race. Moreover, the fourth one was Jodee Rich, the CEO of One. Tel association, who was not take out by the investors of the association. Culmination of the year 1998 the main gathering of the association was connected with have eight people. What's more, among the 8 board people three were the optional schoolmate of the Jodee Rich the CEO of the association. The budgetary and furthermore the survey warning gathering of One Tell included with 2 people who are close of the CEO of the association. It is watched that in spite of the gigantic remuneration of 2.3 million AUD and compensation of 82.5 million AUD for the 3 authority boss, the officials get portion of another prize of 14.2 million AUD when the association caused loss of 292 million AUD in 2000 (Iverson, 2013). It is recognized that that for covering the information to everybody recommendations rewards were appear as deferred costs nearby the set up cost of the association in Europe as the essential game plan of overall advancement of the association. Evaluate the dangers as high medium or low The association has high dangers and moreover, low acquiescence methodology with kind impetus for the new buyers won't not be completed in the little market of Australia. In Australia, there are 6 telecom specialist co-ops of cell phone and the second most noteworthy number in assessment whatever other country over the world (JordaãÅ"æ'o and Sousa, 2010). Other than this, the utilization of the association was a piece of its money related cutoff. The business arrangement of the association was overwhelmingly depended on upon the immense associations Telstra and Optus and the two associations are the competitors of the association One Tell. One Tell was trading excessive phone limit, which are made sure about from Telstra and Optus and the association offered unassuming groups to the customers (Paramasivan and Subramanian, 2009). Distinguishing proof of the persuasive variables for viable dynamic The other amazing thinks about that help viable essential initiative are thusly charging structure dissatisfaction. It is apparent in the auditing methodology that the desires for the senior IT workers at this association are incredibly defective (McPhee, 2014). The improvement work power were given awards on the reason of advantageous creation and develop of new ventures close by the structure. Thusly, the getting ready and moreover transport of the sales to the buyers was conceded and along these lines the association couldn't follow the receipts from the purchasers (Merna and Al-Thani, 2008). The charging course of action of the association was created insufficiently and not watched for the long time. End Obviously the breakdown of the Company One Tell can't be demonstrated any of the get-togethers. There was absent of the structure of the association, deficiencies in the master ethics close by the corporate organization, which can be denounced for the breakdown of the association. Everybody should be considered responsible for their action close by the decisions suitable announcing of the cash position and what's more the inside control of the association must be watched and broke down standard reason to speak to the movements nearby the advancement of the business affiliation. References Anderson, T. (2006).Perspectives on vital hazard the executives. Kge, Denmark: Copenhagen Business School Press. Aven, T. (2010).Misconceptions of hazard. Chichester: Wiley. Centner, T. (2014). Have US Legislatures Fully Considered Causal Factors in Assigning Liability for Inherent Risk Accidents?.Journal of Business Systems, Governance Ethics, 6(1). Damodaran, A. (2008).Strategic hazard taking. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Wharton School Pub. Heinrichs, D. (2012).Risk living space megacity. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Iverson, D. (2013).Strategic hazard the executives. Singapore: Wiley. JordaãÅ"æ'o, B. what's more, Sousa, E. (2010).Risk administration. New York: Nova Science Publishers. McPhee, J. (2014).Mastering Strategic Risk. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Merna, T. what's more, Al-Thani, F. (2008).Corporate hazard the board. Chichester, England: Wiley. Paramasivan, C. also, Subramanian, T. (2009).Financial administration. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. Ruhnke, K. also, Schmidt, M. (2014). Errors in Financial Statements: The Relationship among Inherent and Control Risk Factors and Audit Adjustments.AUDITING: A Journal of Practice Theory, 33(4), pp.247-269. Shapiro, A. (2006).Multinational monetary administration. New York: J. Wiley Sons.

Factors Affecting The Successful Implementation Of Balanced Scorecard Accounting Essay

Variables Affecting The Successful Implementation Of Balanced Scorecard Accounting Essay Point The goal of this paper is to display the variables influencing the sucessful usage of a Balance scorecard. Presentation A short thought regarding adjusted scorecard,definition activity. Writing Review and Analytical system Detailed Analytical survey of the scientists , on the elements influencing sucessful execution of BSC. Determination A synopsis of the above subject and proposals . BSC Presentation Parity scorecard is a vital arranging and the board framework that is utilized widely in business and industry, government, and non benefit association worldwide to adjust business exercises to the vision and methodology of the association, improve inward and outer interchanges, and screen association execution against key objectives. The main equalization scorecard was designed by Art Schneiderman(an autonomous specialist on the administration of procedures) in 1987 at simple gadgets, a fair sized semi conductor organization Later on it was rebuilt by Robert Kaplan and David P. Norton in the utilization of parity scorecard in their 1992 article on balanaced scorecard.(The balance scorcard) The equalization scorecard was made for the improvement in hierarchical execution and seriousness. (Arthur M schneiderman) Conventional execution measures are insufficient to quantify execution and guide associations in quickly changing, complex financial condition. Associations need to interface execution estimation to procedure, and must gauge execution in manners that both support positive future outcomes and recreate past execution. Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton, among the defenders of these vital ideas, give a superior definition: Offset scorecard gives directors the instrumentation they have to explore to future serious achievement. Today, associations are contending in complex conditions with the goal that a precise comprehension of their objectives and the techniques for achieving those objectives is fundamental. Parity scorecard interprets an associations crucial technique into a far reaching set of execution quantifies that gives the structure to a key estimation and the executives framework. It holds an accentuation on accomplishing money related target yet in addition incorporates the exhibition drivers of these budgetary destinations, (The Balanced Score Card: Translating Strategy without hesitation, pp. 1-3) The presentation attempted examines as a matter of first importance how the BSC assessed with the course of time the requirement for the equivalent. At that point in the writing audit an exhaustive conversation and perspective of the writers of articles are contemplated trailed by an analysis. In the decision an appropriate synopsis and what the exploration has created will be talked about featuring the significance, need and factors influencing the effective execution of BSC would be examined. Over the most recent eleven years, balance scorecard has assume a fundamental job for executing procedure and observing execution. Making a procedure centered association (the expression begat by the authors of the Balanced Scorecard technique) is a huge, testing society change for some associations. Achievement in accomplishing this change requires: Ordinary official help and contribution. Instruction, correspondence, and perceivability of the system and estimations of its adequacy all through the association. To audit the stragy with the goal that consistent input is acquired. Instruments to empower non-specialized clients to comprehend the key drivers of the measures. Interpretation of the procedure to operational terms so arrangement to system and usage of it happen at all degrees of an association. Procedure of BSC We need to see the association from four points of view so as to relate technique to accomplish hierarchical objectives : Monetary point of view Associations target will be to gain higher benefits by applying all the assets . Kaplan and Norton respects conventional requirement for monetary information. Client viewpoint In any business, significance on client center is pertinent for hierarchical development if the clients are not fulfilled the incomes will be brought down and subsequently rate of profitability will decrese. Inward business point of view The inward procedure alludes to quality creation , convenient conveyance wich will hold the current clients and furthermore will improve to discover new clients Learning and development point of view Here worker is prepared and persuaded ,and improved learning abilities are given To improve the work procedure, which will improve the nature of the item and alsoTimely conveyance. The four points of view is appeared underneath in type of outline : Writing Review: Elements influencing effective execution of Balanced Scorecard: System Implementation and control: Here creator has focused on the significance about definition and execution . When the system has been conceived, serious issue Is to execute the BSC Scorecard. The most continuous issue incorporate thinking little of the time required for execution and wild factors in the outside condition.( Helen Atkinson pp.1443,1444) Another creator (Ulf johanson et. Al) likewise contended about thought of BSC implementation.The idea doesn't take into consideration an open greeting to take part in learning and advancement process.Trying to drive the targets on another is hazardous. Senior administration style, is another factor creator has purchased to the notification . Here he contends that without legitimate senior administration backing and appointment it is hard to appropriately actualize adjusted scorecard. Vital control frameworks : Strategic control framework gives the transient focuses on that convey long haul objectives. Vital control are required to give a harmony between long haul authoritative objectives and momentary operational requests. (Helen Atkinson pp.1446). Accordingly he sees that there is a need to set up co-ordinated key and the executives control goals. Furthere more, he focuses that issues identifying with representative and providers are not co-identified with execution the executives. Making an interpretation of vision into strategy,is troublesome procedure as its tedious spotlights on a lot more extensive change in the organization.(Helen Atkinson pp.1449) Associations that have effectively executed the Balanced Scorecard have accomplished exceptional changes in their money related execution, much of the time vaulting to the top positions in their industry gatherings. Numerous parts of Balanced Scorecard advancement and arrangement rely upon powerful utilization of innovation to be fruitful. Various programming bundles have been created to help robotize the Balanced Scorecard, however it is exceptionally hard to convey the required capacities in a solitary programming bundle. In this manner, the Microsoft Balanced Scorecard Framework has been created to permit associations to: Create and send a scorecard financially utilizing a current framework. Oversee and show the information and information appropriate to Balanced Scorecards. Encourage examination of measures with the goal that instant remedial move can make place. The system gives a far reaching, adaptable, savvy approach to convey the Balanced Scorecard and convey unrivaled profits for individuals, procedures, clients, and advancements. The board inclusion and underwriting Without the full close to home help and support of the official group the change would be incomprehensible. Correspondence of Balanced scorecard should be engaged as ,it conveys top administration thoughts, sees on system to bring down level( Anthony A. Atkinson et al.) Floor level representatives are the ones who will accomplish the objectives, so they ought to know about the destinations and targets gave to them.(Meena Chavan) Scorecard is set up as one time occasion .In many cases, Top official group invests substantially more energy in planning and propelling the BSC, therefore there comes up short on some missing measures at the hour of beginning of undertaking and dispatch time. Here BSC execution bombs which needs considering the audit of BSC. (Anthony A. Atkinson et al.) Basic Analysis of the Literature: Alluding to Helen Atkinson on technique execution and control it is upheld up as in without legitimate usage of the venture, destinations won't drive further. When the vision is set clear , legitimate procedure ought to be chalked out so Objectives will be accomplished with no impediment. As Atkinson said full contribution of top administration is fundamental so as to accomplish authoritative objectives with the assistance of adjusted scorecard by embracing four points of view. Morever, inner procedure assumes an imperative job in expanding return on speculations in the event that, it is appropriately sponsored up by representative preparing and development. Representatives ought to be given sufficient preparing to carry out the responsibility. Many, advisors scrutinizes that it doesn't furnish a last score or view with legitimate proposals or recommendations. It is a just rundown of measurements. For Example representatives can't see their score with particular to their destinations. A large portion of the associations follows the four points of view and doesnt permit scope for outside viewpoints. They should contemplate outside components as per the requirements of the circumstance and change. Different scientists and creators have fundamentally purchased most significant issues that will influence the execution of BSC. We should accept their thought as a survey so that BSC will run easily in accomplishing authoritative target In balance among Goals and responsibility I concur with meena chavan, as in all the individuals should assume liability of the objectives they are given. Except if they assume responsibility and liability objectives won't be accomplished There are positively all components which shapes the reason for a decent scorecard , anyway it is imperative to add some additional detail to the discernments. The snappy thought of the scorecard should prompt a quite certain comprehension of the stra

Obesity in Black American Women Essay Example for Free

Weight in Black American Women Essay Culture, Biology and Lifestyle Cause Forty Nine Percent of Black American Women to be Obese Abstract. Stoutness is a central point in wellbeing today. Certain ethnic gatherings and sexual orientations experience the ill effects of corpulence more than others. Around 49% of all Black American ladies are characterized corpulent today. There are numerous purposes behind this. Be that as it may, the three the Black American ladies are powerless to are culture, way of life and science. Forty nine percent of Black American ladies are fat. This is an over portrayal contrasted with 38% of Latina ladies and 33% of non-Hispanic white ladies. (Phelan, Johnson, Wesley). Numerous elements decide a person’s weight and wellbeing status. Financial matters, way of life, diet, culture, science and society all influence a person’s body size and arrangement. Culture, science and way of life have the biggest effect on why Black American ladies are fat. Wellbeing, monetary and cultural ramifications of stoutness are overpowering and influence each individual in this nation. The clinical network characterizes stoutness as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or more prominent. BMI is basically an examination of weight to tallness. The real recipe is weight in kilograms isolated by stature in meters squared. A BMI of more prominent than 25 yet under 30 is viewed as overweight and a BMI of more noteworthy than 40 is considered butterball shaped. BMI is an examination of weight to stature, not fat to tallness. BMI is a valuable instrument for a large portion of the populace, however doesn't function admirably for intensely ripped individuals, for example, muscle heads. Fat is harming to wellbeing. Muscle isn't. Everybody realizes that corpulence causes diabetes and heart issues. However, weight is substantially more serious than that. Weight messes wellbeing up that many discover enlightening. Corpulence causes solidifying of the supply routes, expanded cholesterol and heart disappointment. Notwithstanding harming the heart and conduits corpulence causes malignancy. 20% of all malignancy related passings in ladies are credited to stoutness (Dixon). 50% of all Type II diabetes patients are stout. (Dixon). Corpulence is related with expanded danger of metabolic condition and greasy liver infection (Kogiso, Moriyoshi and Nagahara). Weight causes a lot more not all that notable, yet very concerning medical problems. Thirty one percent of all joint inflammation patients are stout. (Dixon). Sixty three percent of ladies who experience the ill effects of osteoarthritis are corpulent (Dixon). Large ladies show a 37% expanded danger of melancholy (Stunkard). Weight can cause fruitlessness and pregnancy confusions (Phelan, Edelman). It even can lessen the viability of contraception. Fat individuals are multiple times progressively able to experience the ill effects of rest apnea (Visscher, Seidell). What's more, for the genuine stunner, 300,000 passings for every year in the United States alone are ascribed to corpulence! Weight is just second to smoking in preventable passings every year in the US. (Visscher, Seidell). The reasons about portion of every single Black lady in the US are corpulent are mind boggling and many. We can point our finger at financial matters, way of life, society, science, diet, culture. Culture, way of life and science are the essential reasons 49% of Black ladies in the US are fat. Studies have indicated that culture can profoundly affect body size. A few examinations have discovered that the Black American populace has an inclination for bigger body size (Johnson). Portia Johnson, in her article, Scholarly Perspectives on Obesity in Black American Women, references a recent report that shows that African American men favor African American ladies with a bigger body size. A similar creator additionally refers to a recent report that shows that African American ladies â€Å"describe a model of wellbeing that addresses the Black womens social conviction that a bigger body size is ideal† (Johnson). African ladies likewise have an inclination for bigger bodies. A recent report on ethnic Zulus, Zulu transients to London, and Anglo Londoners show an inclination for bigger body size by the Zulu vagrants and the ethnic Zulus (Brewis 88). Every member in were demonstrated dim scale pictures of ladies of known BMI. The members were approached to pick which picture spoke to the most sound and appealing body. The Anglo Londoners picked a BMI size of 20, the ethnic Zulus picked BMI 26 and the transient Zulus picked a BMI of 24. Dr. James Kirby and partners made the intriguing disclosure that basically living in a network with 25% or more non-Hispanic blacks expands ones inclination of being overweight (Kirby et al). Thus Dr. Kirby found that living in a network of 25% or more Asians diminishes a person’s inclination of being overweight (Kirby et al). Kirby infers this is because of the accessibility of sound food, parks, walkways and entertainment offices in every network. Kirby found that a transcendence of dark Americans live in networks with less recreational offices, rec centers, parks and less decisions of sound food than different ethnicities. A similar report additionally discovered all the more drive-through eateries and accommodation food stores in predominately dark and Hispanic American people group. Maybe the most persuading proof is in the expressions of African American ladies. In her article ‘Voices from the Inside: African American Womens Perspectives on Healthy Lifestyles’ Jill Rowe talked with African American ladies on solid ways of life and food decisions. One lady clarifies eating in African American culture as: It’s practically like each individual in my family has something they cook genuine great and I don’t need to offend . At the point when you go to your mama’s house, I’ve constantly gone to the cooler. That’s how African Americans show their adoration. From the birthday celebrations, to when you have organization. My family, when we’re upbeat we eat. When we’re pitiful, we eat. We eat when we’re wedded, we eat when we’re conceived, we eat when we bite the dust. It’s consistently, who’s bringing the singed chicken and pound cake. (Rowe) Culture can essentially influence a person’s weight. In any case, we ought to likewise know that science can influence weight as well. Scientists have discovered that Black American ladies have a lower Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR). RMR is the rate at which vitality (calories) are processed to keep organs working very still. Dark American ladies have a lower RMR than white or Hispanic ladies. This implies they consume less calories for the duration of the day and capacity more proficiently than white Americans making it harder to shed pounds (Johnson). A recent report found that the Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) of dark American ladies was lower than for Caucasian American ladies. The scientists estimated the REE of every member and found that the Black ladies had a REE of 1790 calories for each day very still, while the Caucasian ladies had a REE of 1949 calories for each day very still. By and large, 250 a bigger number of calories every day very still than Black American ladies do. This makes it harder for dark ladies to get more fit (Johnson). Analysts have additionally found that Black Americans have an over articulation of unsaturated fat vehicle protein. This implies progressively fat is conveyed to fat stockpiling cells making it simpler for Black Americans to store fat than white Americans (Barakat). Specialists have estimated and discovered progressively chest area fat in Black Women contrasted with white ladies. A bigger beneath the skin level (subcutaneous) fat level was found in Black Women when contrasted with white American ladies (Conway). Diet and exercise are a piece of a persons’ way of life and both significantly affect weight and wellbeing. A few investigations have demonstrated that Black Americans eat progressively improved nourishments when contrasted with European Americans. Portia Johnson and associates refer to a recent report on inclination for sweet food among African Americans and European Americans. The investigation offered trials to every ethnic gathering and contrasted how each gathering reacted with desserts. The specialists found that Black Americans ate a greater amount of the improved nourishments offered at different interims during a trial (Johnson). They presume that African Americans could be utilizing an improved food to make up for more noteworthy saw pressure causing more prominent weight increase and corpulence. Angelia Paschal and associates inspected the aftereffects of an investigation on self-revealed diet and exercise propensities for African American people. They found that 55-75% of the ladies in their examination once in a while work out. They additionally found that 76% of all members didn't eat the base day by day necessities for products of the soil than half met the base prerequisites for vegetables. Of course this investigation reports that 62% of members were determined to have hypertension and 14% were determined to have raised glucose levels and additionally diabetes (Paschal et al). An investigation that contrasted wellness of Latina American ladies with Black American ladies discovered comparative outcomes. â€Å"More than one-portion of the ladies announced taking part in no standard physical action. Be that as it may, the generous inconstancy in the quantity of minutes practiced every week focuses to the need to examine techniques to improve the length of physical action. † (Sanchez-Johnsen et al). Beginning, a congregation based wellbeing and work out regime focused on Black Americans, found that a large number of the members didn't connect stoutness with unexpected weakness. The members in Genesis finished a self-revealed overview where just 16% showed they were large, however when clinically estimated 87% were seen as overweight or hefty. This shows members neglected to interface abundance weight with clinical hazard, potentially because of social molding, individual disavowal or not partner body weight with wellbeing hazard (Cowart et al). It isn't all misery and fate for ladies of shading in the US. Culture, science and way of life are everything that can be changed or if nothing else worked with to get thinner and addition wellness. There are a few projects in this nation focused on in general f

Principals of Corporate Finance - Motorway Access Ltd - Free Essay Example

Introduction The question of whether or not to proceed with a project requiring significant capital expenditure is one which involves considerations running the gamut of issues facing the firm.   Taking a purely financial perspective the firm is required by Fischers Separation Theorem to return the maximum amount of wealth to shareholders  (Fischer, Reprinted 1977).   In the modern firm ownership is separated from control in the form of the capital of the company being held, traditionally at least by shareholders who have little to do with the day to day running of the firm, this being entrusted to the Directors appointed to the board by the trustees and shareholders.   As such in the modern finance world there is a considerable agency problem whereby the owners of the firms capital have a degree of separation from the control of their capital  (Farma, 1978).   As such it is expected, and enforced by the market in terms of the willingness of investors to place capital under a firms control, that a firm will return wealth consummate with an acceptable degree of risk.   Indeed it is the risk of an investment which dries the importance of investment appraisal in firms and understanding the difference between systematic and un-systematic risk underpins much of the following discussion of the investment appraisal process  (Hirshliefer, 1961). Un-systematic risk is the risk associated with the unique operations and conditions of the firm and is relatively unimportant (at least in terms of the financial theory) whilst systematic risk, especially as represented as the Beta of the firm (more of which later) is the risk of the class of share within the market  (Pogue, 2004).   The theory is that a share price is determined by its relation to the capital market line, in terms of the random walk theory, which governs the movement of the share with the market.   Shares move as the market moves, generally speaking, and so how much they move represents the syste matic risk to the shareholder.   Beta is now one of the most common ways to measure the value of equity capital and is also used heavily in portfolio theory.   It is not without controversy or criticism.  Ã‚   Betas are worked out using a wide range of financial data from the past and as such many commentators have argued that Beta has little to tell us about the future.   There are significant problems with translating accounting data into price relevant information, particularly there is at best a tenuous link between earnings and book values of assets and prices observed in the market.   Particularly the Ohlson model which it is argued demonstrates a coefficient between these figures and price (also which it is assumed makes sense of both the Modigliani and Miller relevancy hypothesis and Gordon and Shapiros value metrics)  (Pogue, 2004).   Notwithstanding these criticisms and the accepted criticism of the random walk theory, which are considerable, Beta is still wi dely accepted as a way of dealing with systematic risk. What does this mean for Investment Appraisal techniques?   In terms of the accepted methodology of investment appraisal the goal of such appraisal has to be the increase in wealth of the shareholders, and as such many of the techniques which are readily deployed by managers have no theoretical basis.   In the following appraisal of the project a number of techniques are used to give decision relevant information of the project  (Graham, 2001).   The company has two criteria which it uses to judge the acceptability of a project, the Return on Investment, which it states must be above 15% and the payback period, which must be within three years.   Both of these methods give information in terms of in the first case, accounting data, and in the second a rule of thumb for recouping the initial investment within a specified time period.   Neither of these methods tell us much about the financial and wealth creating as pects of the project in question  (Hajddasinski, 1993).   Payback is simply a measure of the amount of time it takes to recoup the initial investment, and as such has little to do with maximising shareholder wealth, it is entirely possible for a project to recoup the initial investment very quickly but them go on to actually destroy wealth in later years, particularly when a project runs for a significant period of time.   The Accounting rate of return similarly tells us little about the wealth creation of the project, considering as it usually does non financial items such as depreciation which have little to do with the amount of actual wealth returned to shareholders. Neither of these techniques takes into consideration systematic risk to shareholders, and as such ignores an important and fundamental aspect of modern finance theory.   Indeed it is only Net Present Value (NPV) which can tell us about the wealth creating and destroying aspects of a project and as such it is this technique (along with the similar technique of Internal Rate of Return (IRR)) which can give decision relevant information in terms of shareholder wealth  (Lefley, 2004). Briefly NPV uses a discount factor, based upon the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) which adjusts the incremental net cashflows of a project for systemic risk, thus ensuring that the wealth created for the company reflects the time value of money  (Amran, 1999).   Much of the methodology in NPV requires one to recognise incremental cashflows and to remove those which have no relevance to wealth creation, particularly accounting derivations such as depreciation.   Other cashflows which need not be included are sunk costs and other costs which would exist regardless of the projects acceptance.   Thus the analysis concentrates on the wealth creating (or destroying) aspects of projects rather than the book conventions and ephemeral of other techniques.   It results in a cash figure, in terms of either wealth added or destroyed by the acceptance of the project and is particularly useful for the ranking of projects in times of capital rationing.   NPV is a powerful decision making tool, but not without considerable problems in and of itself.   NPV requires the firm to estimate future cashflows, and as will be seen, the accuracy of these cashflows are of significant importance to the viability of the project  (Amran, 1999).   Further the use of NPV is considered by many to be far more complex than most other techniques and non specialists may find the results and even the preparation of this analysis to be a significant challenge.   Further the discount factor itself is often controversial, WACC is only one of a range of factors which can be used, but is most theoretically correct (as will be seen in the discussion later of the capital gearing theory), but without a very accurate discount factor the analysis is at serious risk of error  (Hillier, 1963).   Notwithstanding these problems NPV is one of the most relevant and reliable tools of investment appraisal and satisfies much of the theoretical underpinning of the subject of finance. This report finds that the project returns a positive NPV and satisfies all of the other investment criteria and therefore should be undertaken  (Graham, 2001). Results Findings Please see appendix A for the full derivation of the results and findings. Net Profit ( £) 2792009 Payback 2.5 years ARR% 55.84018 NPV 1767785 IRR 21% This is based on a cost of equity capital of 6% which in turn is based on the calculation for Equity Capital under the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CapM): Where Ke is the cost of equity capital, rf is the risk free rate (often gilts) ? is the assigned Beta of the share and rm is the market risk.   For the company this equates to 5.31% which has been rounded up to the nearest whole (under the assumption that it is better to err on the side of caution) Discussion and Analysis As has been established in the introduction the primacy of the NPV technique carries with it a significant theoretical advantage over other methods.   IRR too is based on the same methodology and gives the cost of capital at which the NV of the project would be zero, as such it provides for the maximum cost of capita at which the project would be viable.   It would seem that this project is worth undertaking, not only does it satisfy all of the existing criteria for the firm, but it also returns wealth to the shareholders given the risk class of the share.   The problems of NPV have to, however, be considered in line with the predictability of cashflows and the sensitivity of the project to the accuracy of these cashflows  (Kim S.H. Crick, 1986).   If the cars per day through the toll booths were a thousand less the project returns a negative NPV and in effect destroys wealth for shareholders: Time 0 1 2 3 4 Income    Vehicles (Est) p/day 0 2000 1400 1200 1000    Toll p/car ( £) 0 4 5 5.5 6    Income p/day 0 8000 7000 6600 6000    Income p/annum 0 2920000 2555000 2409000 2190000 Expenditure    Operating costs (@ £ p/vehicle) 0 2 2.5 3 3.5    Total Operating costs 0 1460000 1277500 1314000 1277500    Wages (@ £288 p/day * 365) 0 105120 105120 105120 105120    Outlay 5000000 Total Expenditure 5000000 1565122 1382623 1419123 1382624 Net Income -5000000 1354878 1172378 989877 807376.5 Net Profit -675491 ARR% -13.5098 Discount @ 6% (Cost of Equity Capital) 0.942 0.888 0.8375 0.7903 DCF -5000000 1276295 1041071 829022 638069.6 NPV -1215542 As wages are fixed this cost is not sensitive to change, but other costs may be, if operating costs rise by 50% then the project also destroys wealth: Time 0 1 2 3 4 Income    Vehicles (Est) p/day 0 3000 2400 2200 2000    Toll p/car ( £) 0 4 5 5.5 6    Income p/day 0 12000 12000 12100 12000    Income p/annum 0 4380000 4380000 4416500 4380000 Expenditure    Operating costs (@ £ p/vehicle) 0 3 3.75 4.5 4.75    Total Operating costs 0 3285000 3285000 3613500 3467500    Wages (@ £288 p/day * 365) 0 105120 105120 105120 105120    Outlay 5000000 Total Expenditure 5000000 3390123 3390124 3718625 3572625 Net Income -5000000 989877 989876.3 697875.5 807375.3 Net Profit -1514996 ARR% -30.2999 Discount @ 6% (Cost of Equity Capital) 0.942 0.888 0.8375 0.7903 DCF -5000000 932464.1 879010.1 584470.7 638068.7 NPV -1965986 IRR -14% In both these scenarios the changes to the cashflows has a devastating effect on the viability of the project, one which is not communicated adequately (especially in terms of the costs) by ARR, or even payback.   Imagine not quantative factors that may cause these scenarios to happen.   Drivers believe that the price of the toll is too high and find alternative routes to avoid paying the toll.   In the case of costs hikes in energy prices or other operating costs could easily impact on the viability.   These quick examples demonstrate the dangers of making assumptions about the future, and as such one must be very careful about the assumptions made n cashflows.   One way of adjusting for these un systematic risks is to conduct sensitivity analysis, and to use statistical techniques to adjust the NPV, this is often termed Expected Net Present Value (ENPV) and uses standard deviation to adjust for risk.   Further the cost of capital is a significant factor in the reliabi lity of NPV  (Pogue, 2004).   Herein the cost of equity capital is used, as the firm is geared to all equity this is probably a realistic cost of capital, but perhaps investors see the direction of the firm as particularly risky and require further compensation.   Using WACC is only one option for managers and indeed the use of WACC does not always adequately adjust for the risk seen as inherently bigger as cashflow move forward in time.   Consideration needs to be given to the discount factor used. Lastly, and in particular reference to the WACC it is important to consider the nature of the capital structure o the company  (Harris, 1991).   Capital structure generally refers to the mixture of debt and equity which goes to make up the capital of the company, known as gearing, and represented as a proportional ration.   Assume that the company has  £5,000,000 of equity, as is stated, in the form of equity and has no debt.   As this is a large capital project the company is faced with a decision as to how to finance the project.   Assuming that the only options are a rights issue to generate more equity or debt (in the form of debentures, typical of long term borrowing) then a decision needs to be made as to which course is better for the company as a whole.   Gearing is another contentious issue in finance with no correct answer to the problem of optimal gearing.   A number of theoretical approaches can be applied to the problem, most notably the work of Modigliani and Miller (MM) and their irrelevancy propositions  (Modigliani, 1958).   To understand this, it is important to understand a number of features of both debt and equity.   Equity as has been said is governed by the risk it represents for equity holders, often in the form of Beta, Debt is not governed by this and is rather a cost in terms of the interest payments over the life of the debenture and the repayment of the capital sum at the end of the loan.   Therefore D ebt is often cheaper than equity as the risk is considered lower than that of a shareholder.   If one thinks of an Income Statement from a set of accounts, one can clearly see that Interest is payable regardless of the profit attributable to shareholders, in effect the bank gets paid first.   Further there is a tax shield on interest payments, as these are a cost of the company and therefore reduce the amount of corporation tax payable.   Therefore consider the following example.   The company currently has  £5m in equity and requires a further  £5m to finance the toll booth project.   It s cost of equity capital is 6% but it is able to borrow at 5% debentures, the rate of corporation tax is 30%.   A it stands the WACC is 6% and if the company issues a further  £5m to finance the project it will remain so, if however the company borrows the  £5m the following holds: Debt Equity % Cost 5 6 Gearing 0.5 0.5 Wacc 5.5 With a further reduction of (1-T) to represent the tax shield this figure becomes 5.15%, the cost of capital has been effectively lowered.   This means that future projects (as it is important to use the existing cost of capital for investment appraisal regardless of how the project is to be financed for NPV calculations) will be return more wealth to shareholders.   The work of MM, however, pointed out that in a theoretically perfect world (no tax, symmetry of information and borrowing rates as well as other theoretical suppositions) the reduction is exactly off set by the increased risk from extending borrowing as follows: (Source, G Arnold, Corporate Financial Management. 3rd Edition, London: Prentice Hall) Therefore there is an increase of risk to equity shareholders with the introduction of debt, as debt takes primary importance when paying out the proceeds of projects.   AS such it is important to find the optimal level of gearing, which is likely to be differen t for each firm.   In this case, however, there is no existing debt, and as such it is logical to assume that the company could sustain a level of gearing other than 100% equity  (Harris, 1991). Recommendations The report makes the following recommendations o the managers of the company. The project, as it is presented in the brief is a viable project given the cost of capital the company has.   There are a number of concerns, however, and these need to be taken into consideration before proceeding.   These are The cashflows of the project are sensitive, specifically the revenue and operating costs of the project, changes to these will change the profitability and wealth generation of the project.   It is recommended that further sensitivity analysis be undertaken. The cost of capital is the hurdle rate used for the analysis, the Directors may wish to use other figures to demonstrate other risks in terms of the project. As to Gearing, given that the company is at present wholly geared by equity it is felt that the company can stand some debt and effectively lower the WACC in the future.   The optimal gearing level will depend on a number of factors these are: The price of the debt and the marginal tax rate. The Preference of equity holders. The amount of risk of financial distress posed by the debt. AS such it is important to consider these factors and to evaluate the possible effects of all of these factors and others discussed in this report. Conclusions This report has summarised some of the key themes in modern financial thought, tracing its roots back to the seminal work of the key players in the field, especially Modigliani and Miller.   Finance is neither science or art , rather it is an amalgam of the two, there are no ‘off the peg solutions and many of the techniques discussed herein are merely tools with which one can transform the data at hand into more relevant information.   None of the approaches alone can give one a ‘right answer from available data.   One must consider the full range of issues, from the theoretical strengths and weaknesses of the appraisal techniques and gearing theory, to the specific features of the project and company themselves to arrive at an optimal decision.   As such one needs to understand how finance operates at a fundamental level of the firm and the consequences of decisions made by managers on firm performance and investor attitude.   The recommendations made herein are based on the limited data available via the brief and many other factors are likely to come into play. Bibliography Amran, M. a. (1999). Real Options: Managing Strategic Investemtn in and Uncertain world. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Arnold, G. (2007). Financial Managment. London: Prentice Hall. Drury, C. (2006). Managment Cost Accounting. London : Prentice. Farma, E. (1978). The effects of a firms investment and financing decisions. American Economic Review 68 (3) , 272-84. Fischer, I. (Reprinted 1977). The Theory of Interest. Porcupine Press. Fisher, F. . (1983). On the misuse of accounting rates of return to infer monopoly profits. Amaerican Economic Review 73 , 82-97. Graham, J. . (2001). The Theory and Practice of corporate fiinance; evidence from the field. Journal of Financial Economics 60 (2-3) , 187-243. Hajddasinski, M. (1993). The Payback period as a measure of profitability and liquidity. Engineering Economist 38 (3) , 177-91. Harris, M. . (1991). The theory of capital structure. Journal of Finance, 46 , 297-355. Hertz, D. B. (1964). Risk analysis in capital inves tment. Harvard Business Review , 95-106. Hillier, F. (1963). The derivation of probabilistic information for the evaluation of risky investments. Managment Science , 443-57. Hirshliefer, J. (1961). On the theory of optimal investment decision. American Economic Review , 112-20. Kim S.H. Crick, T. (1986). Do executives practice what academics teach? Management Accounting , 49-52. Lefley, F. (2004). An assessment of various approaches for evaluating project strategic benefits; Recommending the strategic index. Management Decision 42:7 , 850-862. Modigliani, F. . (1958). The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. American Economic Review 48 , 261-97. Pinches, G. (1982). Myopia, capital budgetting and decision making. Financial Managment , 6-19. Pogue, M. (2004). Investment appraisal A new approach. Managerial Auditing Journal 19:4 , 565-570. Ross, S. (1995). Uses, abuses and alternatives to the Net Present Value tule. Financial Managment , 96-102. Solomon, E. (1963). The Theory of Financial Management. New York: Columbia University Press. Wilkes, F. (1980). On multiple rates of return. Journal of Business, Finance and Accounting, 7 (4) .

Can a President Pardon Himself - Constitution and Laws

The question of whether a president can pardon himself arose during the 2016 presidential campaign when critics of Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton suggested she could face criminal prosecution or impeachment over her use of a private email server as secretary of the Department of State if she were to be elected. The topic also surfaced during the tumultuous presidency of Donald Trump, particularly after it was reported that the erratic businessman and former reality-television star and his lawyers  were discussing the president’s authority to grant pardons and that Trump was asking his advisers about his power to pardon aides, family members and even himself. Trump further stoked speculation that he was considering his power to pardon himself amid the ongoing probes over his campaigns connections with Russia when he tweeted all agree the U.S. President has the complete power to pardon.† Whether a president has the power to pardon himself, though, is unclear and the subject of much debate among constitutional scholars. The first thing you should know is this: No president in the history of the United States has ever pardoned himself. The Power to Pardon in the Constitution Presidents are granted the authority to issue pardons in Article II, Section 2, Clause 1 of the U.S. Constitution.   The clause reads: The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. Take note of two key phrases in that clause. The first keyphrase limits the use of pardons for offenses against the United States. The second key phrase states that a president cant issue a pardon in cases of impeachment. Those two caveats in the Constitution place some limitations on the presidents power to pardon. The bottom line is that if a president commits a high crime or misdemeanor and is impeached, he cant pardon himself. He also cannot pardon himself in private civil and state criminal cases. His authority extends only to federal charges. Take note of the word grant. Typically, the word means one person gives something to another. Under that meaning, a president can give someone else a pardon, but not himself. Yes, the President Can Pardon Himself Some scholars argue that the president can pardon himself in some circumstances because - and this is a key point - the Constitution does not explicitly prohibit it. That is considered by some to be the strongest argument that a president has the authority to pardon himself. In 1974, as President Richard M. Nixon was facing certain impeachment, he explored the idea of issuing a pardon to himself and then resigning. Nixons lawyers prepared a memo stating such a move would be legal. The president decided against a pardon, which would have been politically disastrous, but resigned anyway. He was later pardoned by President Gerald Ford. Although I respected the tenet that no man should be above the law, public policy demanded that I put Nixon-and Watergate-behind us as quickly as possible, Ford said. In addition, the U.S Supreme Court has ruled that a president can issue pardon even before charges have been filed. The high court stated that pardon power â€Å"extends to every offense known to the law, and may be exercised at any time after its commission, either before legal proceedings are taken or during their pendency, or after conviction and judgment.† No, the President Cant Pardon Himself Most scholars argue, however, that presidents cannot pardon themselves. More to the point, even if they were, such a move would be incredibly risky and likely to ignite a constitutional crisis in the United States. Jonathan Turley,  a professor of public interest law at George Washington University, wrote in The Washington Post: Such an act would make the White House look like the Bada Bing Club. After a self-pardon, Trump could wipe out the Islamic State, trigger an economic golden age and solve global warming with a carbon-eating border wall — and no one would notice. He would simply go down in history as the man who not only pardoned his family members but himself.​ Michigan State University law professor Brian C. Kalt, writing in his 1997 paper Pardon Me: The Constitutional Case Against Presidential Self-Pardons, stated that a presidential self-pardon would not hold up in court. An attempted self-pardon would likely undermine the publics confidence in the presidency and the Constitution. A potential meltdown of such magnitude would be no time to begin legalistic discussion; the political facts of the moment would distort our considered legal judgment. Looking at the question from a cooler vantage point, the intent of the Framers, the words and themes of the Constitution they created, and the wisdom of the judges that have interpreted it all point to the same conclusion: Presidents cannot pardon themselves. The courts would likely follow the principle  stated by James Madison in the Federalist Papers. No man, Madison wrote, is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity.

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) Essay

Many people remembered that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder was once called hyperkinesis or minimal brain dysfunction. This disorder is one of the most common mental disorders among children. Seen through a child eyes with ADHD is like a fast-moving kaleidoscope, where sounds, images and thoughts are constantly turning. Every person has experienced some of these symptoms once in their life. Just not everyday all day like a person with ADHD. This does not only affect the person with the disorder but the people around them. Whether it is your mom and dad, teacher, friends, or siblings. They need to understand that ADHD is a real disability that effects all aspects of a person’s life. â€Å"Additionally, there are now brain studies†¦show more content†¦Engaging your child in discussions about how he/she feels things are going at home, at school, and with peers can provide you with a great opportunity to learn whether your child is feeling down and discouraged. Talking about such feelings may not solve the problem, but it can help a child to develop more control over any negative feelings. It can also lead to a problem-solving discussion about how to try and help things improve. Children with ADHD have a variety of needs. Some children are too hyperactive or inattentive to function in a regular classroom, even with medication and a behavior management plan. Such children may be placed in a special education class for all or part of the day. In some schools, the special education teacher teams with the classroom teacher to meet each childs unique needs. However, most children are able to stay in the regular classroom. Whenever possible, educators prefer not to segregate children, but to let them learn along with their peers. Children with ADHD often need some special accommodations to help them learn. For example, the teacher may seat the child in an area with few distractions, provide an area where the child can move around and release excess energy, or establish a clearly posted system of rules and reward appropriate behavior. Sometimes just keeping a card or a picture on the desk can serve as a visual reminder to use the right school behavior, like raising aShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1145 Words   |  5 Pages Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder To Medicate or Not to Medicate with Adderall? Meghan L. Gonzales National University Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder To Medicate or Not to Medicate with Adderall? The medical world has noticed several changes and improvements during the past century, but maybe none that s as economically rewarding afterward the prescription drug business. New medications turn-up regularRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1162 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is ADHD? â€Å"Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is one of the most common childhood disorders and can continue through adolescence and adulthood† (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). ADHD in real terms is the inability to focus. Several people have describe people with ADHD as skirmish, talkative, and have trouble waiting. ADHD has been previously described as ADD (attention deficit disorder) but the only difference is the â€Å"H†. This â€Å"H† describes how this disorder deals with hyperactivityRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagesreasons are simple: Kids get bored easily. This, however, is only mostly true. Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is a disorder that causes a lack of attention in those who have it, including adults. Though it is easily spotted in children due to abundant mounts of energy and a high lack of focus, many adults who have Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder don’t know they have it. Although Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is growing more and more common among teens and children today, throughRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1166 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) has become one of the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorders in children and adolescent. â€Å"ADHD is defined as a chronic condition marked by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and sometimes impulsivity.† (Disney, 1999) There is concern about the possible connection between ADHD to substance use and abuse, during childhood and adolescence, since it is such an important developmental stage in life. â€Å"Substance abuse disorder is definedRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )963 Words   |  4 Pages Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Mizeldrick K. Marshall Holmes Community College Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder most commonly diagnosed in children. Children can be diagnosed as early as the age of 7. Boys and girls can be diagnosed with ADHD but this disorder is seen more in the behavior of boys. Adults can also develop symptoms and be diagnosed as well. It was originally called hyperkineticRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1664 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), is a neurobehavioral disorder of the brain. Textbooks typically depict an individual with ADHD as one who is inattentive, highly distractible, unable to contain stimuli, disorganized and exhibits excessive motor activity (Townsend Morgan, 2017, p. 636). It is easy to define a person by their impulsivity; however, it is difficult to try and understand the reasons behind the behavioral patterns that come along with this disorder. Blake TaylorRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1355 Words   |  6 Pages Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder is a neuro-behavioral disorder typically seen in children. Over the past several years’ attention-deficit hyperactive disorder seems to be on the rise. Since 2011, eleven percent of children ranging from ages four to seventeen were diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (Children with ADHD et. Al. 2016). Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder is a difficult disorder to diagnosis, but once the disorder is diagnosed there are ways to manageRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )754 Words   |  4 Pageschildren who are hyperactive. In contrast to Goodman and Scott (1997), I believe hyperactivity does not necessarily occur due to lack of control. There may be high volumes of hyperactivity that can be controlled through behaviour management strategies (BMS) such as positive reinforcement, self-awareness procedures, and classroom management. Varma (1993). Schachar (1991) suggests that hyperactivity is not recognised as a diagnosis in itself, but is a fundamental component of several disorders such as AttentionRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1210 Words   |  5 PagesADD/ADHD, better known as Attention Deficit Disorder/ Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, is a growing disorder in children and adults alike in the United States. So many people have this disorder now a days that it isn’t a rare thing for a child to be diagnosed with it. In this paper I will go over the cause of ADD/ ADHD, the details about what it actually is and how it affects people, when you need to have the child checked for this disorder, and the many signs and symptoms of ADD/ ADHD disorderRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )992 Words   |  4 Pagesmedical ordeal. Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder or ADHD is one out of two of the neurobehavioral disorders that inhibits an individual from focusing on one task at a time. According to fusion.nets article What Adderall does to your brain In the US alone roughly 6.4 million kids and 10 million adults suffer from ADHD. Adderall, Concerta, Vyvanse and Ritalin are just a few of the prescription based stimulant amphetamines pharmaceutical companies have made available to help treat ADHD and ADD disorders Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) Essay Running Head: ADHD ON INTELLIGENCE Social and Bio-genetic Influences of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder on Child Intelligence nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has undergone intense research in the past decade. Much of this is rooted in the fact that approximately 5% of children are affected with the disorder. Children with ADHD are identified as having increased behavioral difficulties because of excessive motor activities, poor self regulation and inattentiveness. It has been found that as many as 30% of children inflicted with ADHD have learning disabilities with academic underachievement becoming a failure or bother in the school system. Since these children do not meet the†¦show more content†¦More specifically those with both ADHD and normal to high intelligence are more prone to accidents, and have a smaller number of steady friends. Children who were identified with low intelligence and ADHD were found to have more behavioral and emotional problems in their adolescence. Long term studies have found that the outcome of these children was continued acade mic problems and school failures. However there is suggestion ADHD children show greater artistic ability when writing or drawing slowly and precisely. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Testing the intelligence of ADHD involves a number of measures. Psychoeducational testing is used to assess intellectual ability and to search for learning disabilities. A new intelligence test has been created by Naglieri called the Cognitive Assessment System to help diagnose and measure ADHD intelligence. This test is based on the premise that traditional tests dont measure processes such as planning and attention, which is essential in testing and detecting ADHD students. There is inconsistent data for the use of computerized tests of attention and vigilance for this purpose. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In many cases the effects of ADHD on children’s intelligence is influenced by social factors. For instance studies show that symptoms become worse in situations which are unstructured, minimally supervised, boring, or require sustained attention or mental effort. There is an oppositeShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1145 Words   |  5 Pages Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder To Medicate or Not to Medicate with Adderall? Meghan L. Gonzales National University Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder To Medicate or Not to Medicate with Adderall? The medical world has noticed several changes and improvements during the past century, but maybe none that s as economically rewarding afterward the prescription drug business. New medications turn-up regularRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1162 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is ADHD? â€Å"Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is one of the most common childhood disorders and can continue through adolescence and adulthood† (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). ADHD in real terms is the inability to focus. Several people have describe people with ADHD as skirmish, talkative, and have trouble waiting. ADHD has been previously described as ADD (attention deficit disorder) but the only difference is the â€Å"H†. This â€Å"H† describes how this disorder deals with hyperactivityRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagesreasons are simple: Kids get bored easily. This, however, is only mostly true. Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is a disorder that causes a lack of attention in those who have it, including adults. Though it is easily spotted in children due to abundant mounts of energy and a high lack of focus, many adults who have Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder don’t know they have it. Although Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is growing more and more common among teens and children today, throughRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1166 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) has become one of the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorders in children and adolescent. â€Å"ADHD is defined as a chronic condition marked by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and sometimes impulsivity.† (Disney, 1999) There is concern about the possible connection between ADHD to substance use and abuse, during childhood and adolescence, since it is such an important developmental stage in life. â€Å"Substance abuse disorder is definedRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )963 Words   |  4 Pages Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Mizeldrick K. Marshall Holmes Community College Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder most commonly diagnosed in children. Children can be diagnosed as early as the age of 7. Boys and girls can be diagnosed with ADHD but this disorder is seen more in the behavior of boys. Adults can also develop symptoms and be diagnosed as well. It was originally called hyperkineticRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1664 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), is a neurobehavioral disorder of the brain. Textbooks typically depict an individual with ADHD as one who is inattentive, highly distractible, unable to contain stimuli, disorganized and exhibits excessive motor activity (Townsend Morgan, 2017, p. 636). It is easy to define a person by their impulsivity; however, it is difficult to try and understand the reasons behind the behavioral patterns that come along with this disorder. Blake TaylorRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1355 Words   |  6 Pages Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder is a neuro-behavioral disorder typically seen in children. Over the past several years’ attention-deficit hyperactive disorder seems to be on the rise. Since 2011, eleven percent of children ranging from ages four to seventeen were diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (Children with ADHD et. Al. 2016). Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder is a difficult disorder to diagnosis, but once the disorder is diagnosed there are ways to manageRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )754 Words   |  4 Pageschildren who are hyperactive. In contrast to Goodman and Scott (1997), I believe hyperactivity does not necessarily occur due to lack of control. There may be high volumes of hyperactivity that can be controlled through behaviour management strategies (BMS) such as positive reinforcement, self-awareness procedures, and classroom management. Varma (1993). Schachar (1991) suggests that hyperactivity is not recognised as a diagnosis in itself, but is a fundamental component of several disorders such as AttentionRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1210 Words   |  5 PagesADD/ADHD, better known as Attention Deficit Disorder/ Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, is a growing disorder in children and adults alike in the United States. So many people have this disorder now a days that it isn’t a rare thing for a child to be diagnosed with it. In this paper I will go over the cause of ADD/ ADHD, the details about what it actually is and how it affects people, when you need to have the child checked for this disorder, and the many signs and symptoms of ADD/ ADHD disorderRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )992 Words   |  4 Pagesmedical ordeal. Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder or ADHD is one out of two of the neurobehavioral disorders that inhibits an individual from focusing on one task at a time. According to fusion.nets article What Adderall does to your brain In the US alone roughly 6.4 million kids and 10 million adults suffer from ADHD. Adderall, Concerta, Vyvanse and Ritalin are just a few of the prescription based stimulant amphetamines pharmaceutical companies have made available to help treat ADHD and ADD disorders

College Admissions free essay sample

I was at my aunt’s house eating dinner. People were sitting around enjoying their lasagna and talking about the last thing I wanted to hear: college. â€Å"So Meaghan where do you want to go to school,† my Grandma said. â€Å"What do you want to study,† my uncle said. They looked completely baffled when I answered every question with an automatic ‘I don’t know.’ What I don’t understand is how I am supposed to know where I want to go to school and what I want to study; these choices dictate the way my life is going to end up. If I go study journalism at northwestern, then I suppose I have to be journalist. If I go into theater at DePaul then I guess I will probably become an out of work actress. These decisions are important ones, but I feel like I have no guidance. Speaking of guidance, Concord High guidance counselors suck. We will write a custom essay sample on College Admissions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I have been guided no where. My guidance counselor (who shall remain nameless, but based on my last name you could figure it out) has taken it upon herself to take numerous days off. Coincidentally these are the days when I am supposed to have my meetings about college. I can picture her at home in her gross house slippers watching Maury, wasting the time I need to plan out the rest of my life. Another thing that ‘busts my chops’ is why do colleges put so much emphases on well roundedness. I get straight a’s, but somehow that’s not good enough because I don’t choose to hit a ball around everyday after school. Due to the fact that I am not athletic, I somehow am not appealing to college even though I could offer a lot to the classroom experience. I would like to offer a nice and well thought out ‘f*** you’ to all of the admissions boards at every college ever, due to the fact that they are stressing me out too much. Colleges make it almost impossible to be personable through the SAT scores, number grades, and 500 word essays that are usually the cheesiest things ever written. Maybe they should come up with a better way of getting to know someone. And I am not suggesting an uptight interview where people don’t feel free to be themselves. Finally, I simply wish that the rest of my life wasn’t so dependent on the choices I make in the near future. It is too much pressure. In fact, at this very moment I have a migraine just thinking about it.